What does the term 'gender' specifically refer to?

The term 'gender' specifically refers to the societal roles, behaviors, activities, expectations, and identities that a society considers appropriate for individuals based on their perceived sex. While 'sex' typically refers to the biological distinctions between male and female, such as reproductive organs and genetic differences, 'gender' encompasses a broader spectrum of meaning that includes cultural and social constructs.

In this context, options related to biological differences (D) and the basic categorization of individuals into male or female (B) directly tie to biological 'sex' rather than the more expansive concept of 'gender.' The societal roles associated with being male or female (C) capture an essential aspect of gender identity and expression, reflecting how societies interpret and implement roles based on gender. However, if the question is strictly asking for a definition of 'gender,' it is more accurately described by choice C, as it highlights the socially constructed norms tied to gender identity and not merely the binary classification of male or female.

Thus, gender is fundamentally a social and cultural concept that includes expectations and roles, rather than just the biological distinction denoted by sex.